Final answer:
Contingency Theory, also known as Situational Theory, is an Organizational Theory that suggests leadership effectiveness depends on the context of the situation, aligning with either a Theory X or a Theory Y management style.
Step-by-step explanation:
Contingency Theory, also known as Situational Theory, is d) Organizational Theory. This theory posits that there is no single best way to manage or lead. Instead, an effective approach depends on the specific situation. This encompasses several variables, such as the leadership style, the qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation.
Douglas McGregor's contributions through Theory X and Theory Y illustrate two contrasting leadership approaches that embody the essence of Contingency Theory. Theory X suggests managers view employees as inherently lazy and needing control, while Theory Y sees them as self-motivated and capable of seeking creative solutions without coercive control. The appropriate application of these theories is contingent upon the workforce's characteristics and the environment, which aligns with the core principles of Contingency Theory.
Telecommuting, as an example, aligns more with Theory Y, permitting employees to set their own hours and work from home, showcasing a management style that trusts and encourages employees to manage themselves effectively.