Final answer:
Top management, which includes positions such as CEO and president, occurs the least often within an organization’s structure. Middle and first-line management, as well as supervisory management, are more common. Expressive leaders are found among those who nurture and support groups, while traditional authority is not centered on a leader but in customs.
Step-by-step explanation:
The level of management that occurs the least often is top management. Top management positions are fewer in number as they typically represent the highest level of executive leadership in an organization, such as CEOs, CFOs, and company presidents. These roles involve strategizing and decision-making for the entire organization.
On the other hand, middle management and first-line management are more frequently found within an organization. Middle managers are in the middle hierarchy and supervise first-line managers, while first-line managers oversee the day-to-day operations. Supervisory management, often similar in level to first-line management, is also common and involves direct oversight of the workforce.
In terms of who is more likely to be an expressive leader, it refers to a person who is able to foster a group’s well-being, morale, and social solidarity. A high school teacher at a reform school or the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children might be seen as expressive leaders because they work closely with individuals to nurture growth and development. Dictatorial authority is typically concentrated in a single leader, whereas traditional authority does not reside primarily in a leader, but rather in established customs, rituals, and longstanding practices.