Final answer:
The hierarchy refers to a chain of authority in an organization, extending from top to bottom, and including every employee. Option a.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hierarchy option a, refers to a chain of authority extending from top to the bottom of the organization and including every employee. It is a characteristic of bureaucracies, which are formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. For example, in a company like Walmart, the CEO is at the top of the hierarchy, followed by regional managers, store managers, shift managers, and employees.