Final answer:
The term referring to the use of managerial tools to direct resources toward the achievement of strategic goals is 'planning.' Tammie's strategic educational choices to manage social media for marketing success are a form of cultural innovation.
Step-by-step explanation:
“Directing resources toward the achievement of strategic goals” refers to the use of managerial tools as part of the planning process. The answer is b) Planning. Planning is essential in determining the direction of an organization's strategy and involves setting objectives, determining actions to achieve the goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions.
When Tammie takes courses on managing social media to achieve success in marketing, this is an example of her planning for a future career which is a type of cultural innovation. She is acquiring new skills that will give her a competitive edge in the evolving job market and adapting to new trends in her professional field.