Final answer:
Long-term mechanical ventilation can lead to complications such as bacteria introduced via contaminated equipment, V/Q mismatch, and weakening of the respiratory muscles. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and tracheal stenosis are other possible complications that can arise from extended periods of mechanical ventilation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Complications of Long Term Mechanical Ventilation
Long-term mechanical ventilation via a tracheostomy can be associated with several complications. One significant health care associated complication is the potential introduction of bacteria introduced via contaminated ventilators and other medical equipment. This can lead to ventilator-associated pneumonia, a serious infection that occurs in some people who are using mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, changes in lung compliance and resistance, as seen in restrictive diseases like fibrosis, can make breathing difficult. Over time, this may lead to a decrease in the muscle strength of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.
Another complication is V/Q mismatch, an alteration in the ventilation of the airways or perfusion of the arteries, affecting gas exchange. Prolonged intubation could also cause airway injuries or tracheal stenosis, which is a narrowing of the trachea that can lead to difficulties with breathing and the need for additional surgeries to correct the airway.
Last but not least, long-term mechanical ventilation can affect the muscles necessary for breathing. During general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, the tongue can block the airway, and respiratory muscles may become weakened, making it a challenge to wean the patient from the ventilator.