Final answer:
The question identifies issues with standardized tests' fairness and accuracy, with establishing national norms for performance excluded as a factor. Problems like social and school experience variations, instrument biases, language differences, and stereotype vulnerability all affect test outcomes, whereas national norms aim at standardizing assessment criteria.
Step-by-step explanation:
A problem in the accurate and fair measurement of students' achievement on standardized tests is based on a number of issues, but establishing national norms for performance is not one of them. This includes variations in students' social and school experiences, bias in measurement instruments, the use of standard english rather than the vernacular, and the problem of stereotype vulnerability.
The issue of bias in standardized tests is well-known, with cultural knowledge being a common influence in test construction. Students from more affluent backgrounds may have an advantage if the testing material reflects cultural experiences or knowledge that they are more likely to encounter. Additionally, the differences in educational resources and opportunities, such as quality teachers and funding, further influence test performance, potentially exacerbating inequalities within the education system. As such, the focus on establishing national performance norms is intended to create a level playing field and is therefore not considered a problem.