Final answer:
The term that refers to methods used to equip employees with necessary skills is d) Training and development, involving both orientation to acquaint new hires with company culture and specific job-related training for role proficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that refers to the methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs is d) Training and development. This process can begin with an orientation period where employees learn about the company's history, policies, and procedures.
An essential aim of this initial training, known as employee orientation, is to familiarize new hires with the organizational culture and the expected ways of interaction within the company.
Moreover, specific job-related training is given to employees to educate them on their designated roles or instruct them on new duties or tools as they evolve within their employment.
Performance appraisal and onboarding are related aspects of the employment cycle that lead into training or may stem from it as part of continued employee development and assessment.
Correct answer: d) Training and development.