Final answer:
A modern society is characterized by technological advancements, economic development, and cultural changes. Modernization is driven by industrialization and involves increased structure differentiation and specialization. The concept of modernization must also consider potential negative impacts and the preservation of peripheral nations' cultural identity.
Step-by-step explanation:
What makes a society modern? The answer is d. All of the above. Technological advancements, economic development, and cultural changes all play a crucial role in shaping a modern society. The primary driver of modernization theory is industrialization, which brings about technological progress and economic growth. Modernization leads to increased differentiation and specialization, particularly in industry and infrastructure. However, it's important to acknowledge that the process of modernization can be ethnocentric, with the assumption that all societies should aspire to emulate the development patterns of Western nations without considering the need to preserve the cultural identity of peripheral nations.
Societies evolve through a combination of factors including technology, social institutions, population changes, and environmental factors. Modernization theory suggests that as nations develop, they embrace cultural values that promote hard work and success, thus enabling them to achieve more advanced technology and complex industries. Nonetheless, when core nations encourage modernization in peripheral nations, it is crucial to be aware of the potential pitfalls, such as the loss of cultural identity and negative consequences that can accompany rapid modernization. Recognizing the importance of avoiding hegemonic assumptions about the benefits of modernization is also critical.
Urbanization is another aspect of modernization that involves the sociological study of urban economics, politics, and environments. It's a multidimensional phenomenon reflecting changes in social structures and economic patterns within a society.