Final answer:
The statement that 1940 to 1920 is the political era of policing is false due to an apparent date error, but the political era did occur in the late 19th to early 20th century. There were two significant periods of bureaucratic expansion in the 1930s and the 1960s. The temperance movement was influenced by urbanization and immigration, and the market revolution indeed changed the U.S. economically and socially.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that 1940 to 1920 has become known as the political era of policing due to political ties is false. If we are looking at the period discussed, it seems that there may be a typo in the dates, as they are in reverse chronological order.
However, it is commonly acknowledged that the late 19th century into the early 20th century (approximately the 1840s-1930s) was known as the political era of policing in the United States. During this time, law enforcement agencies were heavily influenced by local politicians and political parties, with appointments and promotions often based on political affiliations rather than merit.
There were indeed periods of large-scale bureaucratic expansion, and these were particularly notable in the 1930s and the 1960s, as indicated in answer choice 'a'. The 1930s saw the establishment of many New Deal agencies under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, while the 1960s saw expansion under President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs.
The temperance movement was indeed influenced by new social conditions, including increasing urbanization and immigration, making statement 'a' true. Similarly, it is true that the market revolution brought significant social and economic changes to the United States.
Regarding the colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s, this was largely unpopular among black abolitionists, as it advocated for the resettlement of free African Americans to Africa, which many saw as an injustice and antithetical to their birthright in the United States.