Final answer:
Phosphodiester bonds are responsible for forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, while hydrogen bonds facilitate the complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine.
Step-by-step explanation:
The bonds responsible for the polymer backbone of DNA are phosphodiester bonds, while hydrogen bonds primarily account for complementary base pairing in DNA. The phosphodiester bonds form by dehydration synthesis between the pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another, creating a continuous sugar-phosphate backbone. Each nucleotide's nitrogen-containing base protrudes from this backbone and pairs with a complementary base on the opposing DNA strand through hydrogen bonds; adenine (A) bonds with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) bonds with guanine (G) to form the double-helix structure.