Final answer:
Teratogens that may cause congenital disorders include Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Ionizing radiation, Carbamazepine, and Lead. Hypothermia is not a classified teratogen. The impact of teratogens varies depending on the timing, duration of exposure, and transfer from mother to fetus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The substances that might be considered teratogens are: a. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), b. Ionizing radiation, d. Carbamazepine, and e. Lead. Hypothermia, listed as option c, is not generally classified as a teratogen. Teratogens are environmental agents that can cause harm to a developing embryo or fetus, leading to congenital disorders. These agents can include biological entities like viruses (e.g., CMV), physical factors like radiation, and various chemicals or drugs like carbamazepine, a medication used for epilepsy, and toxic substances like lead. The degree of harm can depend on the duration and timing of exposure as well as the transfer from maternal to fetal circulation.
It is essential for nurses and healthcare providers to be aware of the risks associated with these substances during pregnancy. To prevent and minimize the potential impact of teratogens, pregnant women are advised to avoid known teratogens and engage in routine prenatal care for early detection and intervention.