Final answer:
Aridisols are the type of soil most strongly influenced by climate as they are found in arid or dry regions with extreme temperatures and low precipitation, which directly affects their soil composition.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of soil most strongly influenced by its climate is Aridisols. Aridisols are soils found in arid or dry regions, which falls under Type B: Dry or Arid Climates. These climates are characterized by extreme temperatures, low precipitation, and therefore have specific soil types that are influenced by these conditions. Aridisols typically lack the organic material found in more temperate soils and have horizons that show accumulation of clays, carbonates, or soluble salts - factors that are all directly influenced by the lack of water and high temperatures of arid regions.
Other soil types, such as Mollisols, Ultisols, and Andisols, also reflect the influence of their respective climates but not to the extent of Aridisols. For instance, Mollisols are found in grasslands and areas with moderate temperatures and rainfall, and they are known for their fertility and suitability for agriculture. In contrast, arid climates result in more extreme soil conditions that limit agriculture and thus have a more pronounced relationship between the soil characteristics and the climate.
It's important to note that different biomes are associated with different climates which, in turn, result in different soil types. For example, option C in the original question hints at biomes where plants struggle to grow due to frozen soil most of the year (such as the arctic tundra), which is another demonstration of how climate influences soil characteristics in various biomes.