Final answer:
Human growth hormone (HGH) supplements have been associated with joint and muscle pain due to side effects and an increased metabolic rate as a result of their impact on fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The human growth hormone (GH) has several effects on the body, with its primary function being to stimulate protein synthesis and promote body growth. GH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and works through direct and indirect mechanisms. Its direct actions include the stimulation of lipolysis, which is the breakdown of triglycerides by adipocytes, resulting in the release of fatty acids into the blood. This leads to a switch by most tissues from using glucose to using fatty acids as an energy source, which is known as the glucose-sparing effect. GH also causes the liver to break down glycogen, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels - a diabetogenic effect.
Among the effects of taking human growth hormone (HGH) supplements, options a) Joint and muscle pain and b) Increased metabolic rate are linked. Joint and muscle pain can be a side effect of excessive HGH use, and an increased metabolic rate is a consequence of its action on fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Option b) Improved memory function and d) Reduced cholesterol levels have not been linked as direct effects of HGH supplements. It's important to approach the use of HGH supplements with caution due to potential side effects and medical risks