Final answer:
Calculating VO2 max in running generally involves the Fick equation, which requires knowledge of the cardiac output and the arteriovenous oxygen difference. Predictions may also be made with submaximal tests that consider several personal factors. For precise calculations, laboratory tests are needed.
Step-by-step explanation:
The formula for calculating VO2 max in running, which is the maximum amount of oxygen one can utilize during intense exercise, is commonly measured in milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min). There is no single universal formula as several methods exist, but one standard way to estimate VO2 max is using the Fick equation:
VO2 Max = Q * (a-vO2 difference)
Where Q is the cardiac output (the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute) and a-vO2 difference is the arteriovenous oxygen difference (the difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared to the venules). Since direct measurement requires specialized equipment, often predictions are made using submaximal exercise testing protocols which consider factors such as age, gender, fitness level, and exercise intensity.
If dealing with energy efficiency on a treadmill as mentioned in one of your statements, the efficiency can be calculated using:
Efficiency = Work output / Energy input
However, for exact VO2 max calculations during running, a laboratory test with precise measurements of oxygen intake would be necessary.