Final answer:
R&D, production, and customer service are all parts of the value chain, which encompasses the internal activities that contribute to creating and delivering value to customers.
Step-by-step explanation:
R&D, production, and customer service are business functions that are all included as part of the value chain. The value chain, initially described by Michael Porter, is a series of activities that an organization performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market. These functions are part of the internal processes that contribute to the creation and delivery of value to customers, encompassing both product innovation through Research and Development (R&D), the actual production process of goods or services, and after-sales support like customer service.