Final answer:
The types of urine specimens include midstream, random, and timed. Normal urine sample characteristics have specific pH, osmolarity, and volume ranges. White blood cells in urine indicate infection, while large volumes can be symptomatic of diabetes, but differing other characteristics help distinguish between diabetes types.
Step-by-step explanation:
The different types of urine specimens that can be collected are A) Midstream, random, and timed specimens. Midstream urine, also referred to as clean-catch urine, involves collecting urine after the stream has been initiated. Random urine samples are collected without any specific timing or protocol, and timed urine specimens are collected over a specific period, such as 24 hours, to measure substances within the urine.
Characteristics of a normal urine sample include a specific range of pH, osmolarity, and volume. Normal pH range is typically cited as 4.6 to 8.0, osmolarity can vary based on the individual's hydration status, and the normal daily urine volume ranges from 800 to 2000 mL per day, though this can be influenced by factors such as fluid intake, exercise, and environmental conditions.
The presence of white blood cells in urine suggests an infection, whereas large urine volumes are common in both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, though their other urine characteristics differ. Diabetes mellitus usually presents with high glucose levels in the urine, whereas diabetes insipidus urine is typically very dilute with low osmolarity.