Final answer:
The hidden messages in schools that shape students' attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior are best exemplified by the unintended curriculum.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer for this question is b) Unintended curriculum.
The hidden messages about attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior that students pick up from teachers and other school personnel, which are not part of the school's explicit educational mission, are best exemplified by the concept of the unintended curriculum. The unintended curriculum refers to the informal teaching done by schools through school and classroom rituals, which reinforce societal expectations from children and shape their cultural understanding and norms.
For example, through classroom interactions, assignments, and assessments, students may implicitly learn the importance of competition, teamwork, and following rules, which are cultural values and norms in many societies.