Final answer:
Catalytic converters and reformulation of gasoline have been pivotal in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from vehicles. Advancements in engine technologies also aid in increasing fuel efficiency and lowering emissions. Collectively, these innovations contribute to better air quality and environmental protection.
Step-by-step explanation:
Innovations and inventions that have addressed the issue of nitrous oxide emissions include the development of automotive pollution control devices such as catalytic converters and advances in engine technologies. Catalytic converters, a significant technology implemented following the Clean Air Act of 1970, use a blend of catalytically active metals like platinum to transform nitrogen oxides (NOx), a component of smog, into less harmful nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2). This process not only reduces nitrous oxide emissions but also other harmful by-products like carbon monoxide.
Additionally, the reformulation of gasoline has played a critical role by eliminating lead compounds like tetraethyllead, which not only poisoned catalytic converters but were also toxic to humans, and reducing the volatility of hydrocarbons in the fuel. Other engine technologies, such as computer controls, variable valve timing, and gasoline direct injection, have been developed to enhance fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions alongside NOx levels.
Overall, these innovations have evolved over the past few decades to work synergistically, resulting in a reduction of nitrous oxide emissions from vehicles, contributing to improved air quality and lessening the impact on the environment.