Final Answer:
1. "The best government is one where individuals freely enter into a social contract to protect their natural rights." - J. Locke
2. "People are naturally selfish and prone to violence; a strong central authority is needed to maintain order and prevent chaos." - T. Hobbes
3. "Separation of powers is crucial to prevent tyranny, with distinct branches overseeing legislation, execution, and adjudication." - S. Montesquieu
4. "Freedom of thought and expression is vital; I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - Voltaire
5. "Laws should focus on the greatest good for the greatest number, with a fair and swift justice system that deters crime." - C. Beccaria
6. "An economic system based on individual self-interest and free-market competition leads to overall prosperity." - Adam Smith
Step-by-step explanation:
1. John Locke, a key figure in the Enlightenment, advocated for the idea that individuals voluntarily enter into a social contract to establish a government that protects their natural rights, including life, liberty, and property.
2. Thomas Hobbes, another Enlightenment thinker, believed in the necessity of a strong central authority to maintain order. He argued that people are naturally selfish and prone to violence without such control.
3. Baron de Montesquieu contributed the concept of the separation of powers, emphasizing the importance of distinct branches of government to prevent the concentration of power and potential tyranny.
4. Voltaire, a prominent figure in the Enlightenment, championed freedom of thought and expression. His quote reflects his commitment to defending the right to express diverse opinions.
5. Cesare Beccaria, an Enlightenment philosopher, focused on legal reform. He argued for a justice system that prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number and emphasizes deterrence over punishment.
6. Adam Smith, known for his contributions to economic thought, advocated for an economic system based on individual self-interest and free-market competition, believing it would lead to overall prosperity.