Final answer:
The kingdom of Ghana was significant in medieval Africa due to its strategic trade in gold and salt, enabled by the Niger River's inland delta which allowed for substantial agriculture. The region's wealth and power grew with the trade, and the introduction of Islam played a role in shaping Ghana's society. Mali's empire later rose on the economic diversification and more abundant agriculture, establishing an effective governance under Sundiata Keita.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the historical context of medieval Africa, the kingdom of Ghana emerged as a preeminent region of significance, flourishing through the combined strength of its geography, resource control, and strategic trade. Located in West Africa, Ghana resided on a plateau in the savannah, with the southern part indulging in ample rainfall which allowed for robust agriculture. The Niger River, a critical lifeline, contributed to the ease of growing crops due to its inland delta in the deserts of Mali, providing enough water for substantial agriculture in what otherwise would be an inhospitable environment.
The lifeblood of the Ghanaian economy was trade, notably in gold and salt. Gold was prolific, with a substantial amount of the world's supply stemming from this region during the Middle Ages. The mining and management of gold, coupled with the trans-Saharan trade facilitated by the Berbers, allowed for an unparalleled accumulation of wealth.
The adoption of Islam by the Ghanaian leadership, influenced by trade relationships and the cultural currents of North Africa, introduced new administrative, legal, and religious norms to the region. Meanwhile, the Mali Empire, succeeding Ghana, benefited from its own economic diversification, productive agriculture, and the extensive trade in gold and other commodities. The success of Mali, under leaders like Sundiata Keita, was also fostered by a strong military, an effective tax system, and a decentralized federal political structure under the Kouroukan fouga.