Final answer:
Establishing standards is crucial for measuring outputs or employee performance, using benchmarks for productivity and effectiveness. Productivity can also be gauged through job satisfaction surveys, organizational training outcomes, and profits or quality enhancements, with challenges in measurement often present in less quantifiable roles.
Step-by-step explanation:
Establishing standards is necessary in measuring outputs or employees' performance to ensure that there is a clear and measurable benchmark against which to assess productivity and effectiveness. Besides the amount produced per hour of work, productivity can also be measured using job satisfaction surveys, the effectiveness of organizational training, and resultant outcomes such as profits or quality improvements. Measuring productivity is not always straightforward, as it can be challenging in certain roles, like accounting, to quantify output. Therefore, employers may rely on recent trends in productivity to inform decisions regarding wage increases or assess employee performance through behavioral measurements and immediate responses to training efforts.