Final answer:
Renal disease is associated with secondary, not primary, hypertension. Primary hypertension is caused by genetic and lifestyle factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, and high salt intake.
Step-by-step explanation:
All of the following factors are associated with essential, or primary, hypertension EXCEPT renal disease. Essential hypertension is primarily caused by genetic and lifestyle factors. These include a large consumption of alcohol, obesity, and a high intake of salty foods. Renal disease is typically associated with secondary hypertension, which is caused by an underlying condition such as chronic kidney disease or an endocrine disorder.