Final answer:
The brain stem regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate, the cerebellum coordinates muscle movements, and the diencephalon manages sensory relays and body regulation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Functions of the Brain Stem, Cerebellum, and Diencephalon
The brain stem connects the brain with the spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons. It is responsible for regulating several vital functions such as alertness, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, heart rate, and the integration of sensory and motor information. Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brain stem, which also coordinates motor control signals from the brain to the rest of the body.
The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem, but is a separate structure responsible for coordinating skeletal muscle activity and maintaining balance and posture.
The diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, acts as a relay center for sensory information and regulates vital body functions, such as temperature control, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.