Final answer:
Native Americans used strategies like ignoring land boundaries, forming collective governments, and engaging in warfare to resist westward migration and retain sovereignty, but faced challenges such as government suppression, land sales, and cultural assimilation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Native Americans adopted various resistance strategies to oppose white westward migration during the period of western settlement in the United States. They employed various methods such as ignoring allotted land boundaries to continue communal living, forming a national tribal government for collective action and defense of interests, and maintaining tribal independence within this structure.
Tribes like the Sioux and Apache showed significant resistance, with adept leadership and warfare tactics. However, they faced obstacles like the suppression of intertribal meetings by federal agents, forced sales of lands, and withholding of federal aid promised in previous treaties and land sales.
Additionally, Native American tribes were confined to reservations where they faced poverty and dependence on the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and cultural assimilation through actions like sending children to boarding schools. These actions reflect the historical context of resistance and the challenges Native Americans faced in retaining their sovereignty.