Final answer:
The relationship between Muslims and Jews in the Middle East since 1948 is best described as hostile and often violent, marked by conflicts and tensions despite historical periods of peaceful coexistence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The phrase that best describes the relationship between Muslims and Jews in the Middle East since 1948 is d) Hostile and often violent. This period has been marked by a series of conflicts, starting with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent Arab-Israeli wars. While there have been instances of peace agreements and cooperative efforts, the overarching theme has been one of hostility and conflict, exacerbated by issues such as territorial disputes, political ideologies, and international interventions.
Throughout history, there have been periods when Muslim and Jewish communities coexisted peacefully, evidenced during the early Muslim conquests which were largely achieved through peace agreements that allowed religious practices to continue, as long as taxes were paid. Nonetheless, the post-1948 Middle Eastern landscape has been characterized by particular tension and conflict between these groups.