Final answer:
The sentencing goal that involves punishment based on the need for revenge is retribution. Retribution emphasizes that the punishment should fit the crime and acts as societal revenge. Modern criminal justice systems may blend retribution with other goals such as prevention and rehabilitation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sentencing goal you're referring to is retribution. This goal involves punishment that is equivalent to the harm caused by the criminal act, mirroring the principle of "an eye for an eye." Retribution is less about correcting the individual's behavior for future benefit (as in rehabilitation) and more about ensuring the punishment is proportional to the crime, which serves as a form of societal revenge.
Incarceration can be a method of enacting retribution. However, it also may serve other goals such as incapacitation—to prevent the individual from committing further crimes—and deterrence—to discourage others from committing similar offenses. In contrast, rehabilitation focuses on transforming the offender into a productive member of society, while restoration seeks to repair the harm done to victims and communities.
It's important to recognize that punishment and its purposes have evolved over time. While the Code of Hammurabi and the biblical phrase "an eye for an eye" are historical examples that highlight the retributive aspect of punishment, modern criminal justice systems often attempt to balance retribution with goals like rehabilitation and prevention. The effectiveness of incarceration, especially in relation to juvenile offenders, is subject to ongoing debate.