Final answer:
The somatic cell of a human biological male has 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, which are one X and one Y chromosome. This XY combination determines male sex characteristics, and these chromosomes carry the genes that constitute the individual's genotype and phenotype.
Step-by-step explanation:
The chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in a human biological male is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Among these, 22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes and one pair consists of sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes in a male are one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, typically referred to as the XY pair. This contrasts with the female chromosomal makeup, which includes two X chromosomes (XX). A male's XY chromosomal pair is pivotal in determining male sex characteristics.
In determining the individual's genetic makeup, known as their genotype, each chromosome carries hundreds to thousands of genes. These genes are responsible for the person's phenotype, encompassing all expressed characteristics, whether physical, behavioral, or biochemical.
The image of the chromosomes arranged according to length is called a karyotype, and it can visually depict the chromosomal complement of an individual. In humans, the karyotype can highlight the distinct shape and size of the Y chromosome compared to the X chromosome and the rest of the autosomal chromosomes, which are nearly identical in each homologous pair.