Final answer:
Nonexperimental (descriptive) design research projects such as observational studies, interpretive research, and case studies involve observing and measuring characteristics without manipulating variables, often used when experimental manipulation is not feasible or ethical.
Step-by-step explanation:
Nonexperimental (descriptive) design research projects refer to methods used in scientific investigation where the researcher observes and measures characteristics within a sample but refrains from manipulating or controlling the variables of interest. This type of research design is commonly used when it is not possible or ethical to conduct experimental studies. An example of a nonexperimental design is an observational study, where researchers record and measure naturally occurring phenomena without direct manipulation.Another approach is interpretive research, which is more narrative and descriptive, often involving significant direct observation or interaction with subjects.
Unlike experimental studies that formulate and test hypotheses through manipulation of variables, interpretive research develops as the study proceeds, sometimes adjusting methods in response to emerging findings.Case studies, ethnography, and field research are examples of nonexperimental designs that rely on qualitative data obtained through observation and interaction within natural settings. However, such designs come with limitations, including challenges related to controlling subjective evidence and ensuring the replicability of findings.Nonexperimental (descriptive) design research projects are observational studies or surveys that do not involve the manipulation or control of variables of interest. In an observational study, the researcher measures characteristics in a sample without directly manipulating the independent variable. A survey involves collecting data through questionnaires answered by the research participants.For example, if you want to investigate the effect of malnutrition on elementary school performance in children, it would not be ethical to assign an experimental group to be malnourished. Instead, observational studies or surveys can be used to gather data and analyze the relationship between variables.