Final answer:
3) A federal state
A constitutional system that shares some governmental powers with states or provinces is known as a federal state, where authority is split between a central government and regional governments, allowing for a level of state autonomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
A constitutional system that disperses some powers to states or provinces is called a federal state. Federalism is characterized by a division of authority between a central government and various state, provincial, or local governments.
Each level of government has autonomy and specific powers as granted by the national constitution. In contrast, a unitary state concentrates power within the national government, while a confederation features a weak central authority with the primary power residing in the individual states or provinces.
The United States, for example, is a federal republic where powers are shared between the national government, which can do things like negotiate treaties, and the state governments, which can set and enforce their own driving laws.