Question

The logical layer of the ANSI/SPARC model provides which of the following?

1) Physical data independence
2) Parent-child relationships
3) Logical data independence
4) Encapsulation

Answer 1

The logical layer of the ANSI/SPARC model provides logical data independence, enabling changes to the conceptual database schema without affecting the end-users or applications.

Step-by-step explanation:

The logical layer of the ANSI/SPARC model provides logical data independence. Logical data independence is the capacity to change the logical schema without altering the external schema or application programs. Simply put, it allows for the modification of the conceptual view of the database, like adding or removing tables or attributes, without necessitating changes in the way the data is accessed by users or programs. This level of independence is vital for maintaining uninterrupted operations despite changes or growth in the database structure. It is one of the key achievements in modern database systems that allows for the evolution and scaling of databases in response to changing business requirements.