Final answer:
Exercise can reduce stress and improve self-confidence and mood by inducing physiological changes that result in the release of mood-elevating substances and reduction of stress hormones. It also contributes to better mental health by aiding in cognitive functions and providing a buffer against stress-related physical deterioration.
So, the correct answer is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
A positive effect of exercise on mental health is that it can reduce stress. This occurs through various physiological changes, such as the reduction of cortisol levels, a stress hormone, and the release of myokines from contracting muscles, which have anti-inflammatory effects. Exercise can also improve self-confidence by fostering a sense of achievement and improving body image. Additionally, regular aerobic exercise has been shown to have a similar effect to antidepressants in treating mild-to-moderate depression, in part because it increases levels of natural euphoriants in the brain. Furthermore, it can improve negative mood by promoting positive affect and inhibiting negative affect, thus enhancing general mood and self-esteem over time.
Other mental health benefits of exercise include an increase in oxygen availability to the brain, growth of new brain cells and neuronal pathways, as well as increased levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, which can aid in memory retention and cognition. Consistent physical activity also correlates with reduced anxiety, improved body image, and greater resilience to the physiological impacts of stress.
So, the correct answer is 1.