Final answer:
Church architecture typically falls under two categories: the basilica and the central plan. Pilgrimage churches have unique features like large portals for visitors, and stave churches are adapted to specific cultural and environmental conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The basilica and the central plan are the two fundamental types of church architecture. The basilica is well-regarded for its long axis leading to the altar, making it a practical choice for worship spaces. The central plan church, often circular or shaped like a Greek cross with equal arms, is influenced by Classical architecture and was popular during the High Renaissance.
Some churches, like the pilgrimage churches, were specifically designed to accommodate large numbers of visitors who came to see relics. Features such as large portals and elaborative sculptural programs were incorporated to manage the flow of pilgrims and enhance their spiritual journey.
Other church designs, like the Germanic stave churches, also reflect the adaptation of ecclesiastical buildings to cultural and environmental needs. The Lomen and Kaupanger group churches, for instance, mirrored the basilica form and included features to withstand harsh climates.