Final answer:
The term that describes information giving an organization a competitive edge is proprietary information, which includes trade secrets that are closely guarded to maintain a competitive advantage and prevent data breaches.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that best fits the definition of pieces of information associated with an organization that give it an edge over the competition or that sets it apart from other, similar groups is proprietary information. Proprietary information can include trade secrets, which are methods of production that are kept confidential by the producing firm. It is crucial for the success of a business to protect this kind of information, as it can represent a competitive advantage. This protection could include preventing data breaches, which not only compromises customer trust but also can lead to losing the unique edge that proprietary information provides.