Final answer:
The Romanticism movement glorified nature, common people, exotic places, and the historical past, contrasting with Realism's focus on everyday contemporary life, Naturalism's influence by Darwinism, Modernism's fragmented narrative, and Postmodernism's challenge to objective reality.
Step-by-step explanation:
Focusing on the first question from your selection, it asks about the literary movement that glorified nature, common people, exotic places, and the historical past. The answer to this is Romanticism, which emphasized imagination, emotion, and the beauty of the natural world and often idealized pastoral life and long-ago times. It contrasted with movements like Modernism and Realism, which sought to represent contemporary life and real experience.
Realism, as a literary movement, differed notably from Romanticism. Realists focused on the contemporary world and depicted the everyday life of people, often including the harsh realities they faced. Unlike Romantics, who would often glorify and idealize, Realists aimed for accuracy and authenticity without romanticizing their subjects.
Naturalism was a development from Realism, heavily influenced by scientific ideas like Darwin's theory of evolution. Like Realists, Naturalists focused on real and contemporary environments and experiences but viewed human behavior as more determined by heredity and environment.
Modernism arose out of a desire to break away from the past and featured a more fragmented view of human experience, reflecting the complexities of the modern world with new narrative forms and structures.
Finally, Postmodernism emerged later, challenging the notion of a single, objective reality and suggesting that different people can have different, yet valid, perceptions of reality, which are shaped by culture and context.