Final answer:
The Olmec civilization dates from 1200-400 BCE, followed by the Mayan civilization which started around 2000 BCE and peaked between 250-900 CE. The Aztecs were dominant from the 14th century until 1519 CE, and the Incan empire lasted from the early 15th century to 1572 CE.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Olmec culture is considered the earliest of the Mesoamerican civilizations, thriving from 1200-400 BCE. This civilization laid much of the cultural and intellectual groundwork for subsequent civilizations such as the Maya and Aztecs. Major sites included San Lorenzo and La Venta in present-day Mexico. The Olmecs are well-known for their large stone heads and intricate jade figurines.
The Mayan civilization started around 2000 BCE, with the Early and Middle Pre-Classic period lasting until about 400 BCE. At its peak, from 250 CE to 900 CE, the Maya developed a complex written language and excelled in mathematics, astronomy, and the construction of elaborate city-states like Tikal and Chichen Itza. The civilization gradually declined and abandoned major cities around 900 CE.
The Aztecs rose to prominence in the 14th century and survived until the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 CE. Their capital, Tenochtitlan, became the epicenter of their powerful empire and was renowned for its architectural marvels like the Templo Mayor, built in 1326 CE.
Lastly, the Incan empire, centered in the Andean region of South America, arose in the early 15th century and expanded until the Spanish conquest, which formally ended with the fall of the last Inca stronghold in 1572 CE. The Incas are known for their monumental architecture, such as Machu Picchu, and a highly developed societal structure.
It is essential to note that while the arrival of the Spanish drastically transformed these cultures, Mesoamerican civilization did not entirely end with the conquest, as it continued under Spanish rule with significant cultural transformations.