Final answer:
Option D.
The period known as the Little Ice Age in London was marked by significantly colder temperatures which impacted the Northern Hemisphere, causing the River Thames to freeze multiple times.
Step-by-step explanation:
The period of cold temperatures in London is referred to as the Little Ice Age. This was a time from approximately 1550 AD to 1850 AD characterized by a slight cooling of the Earth's temperature, specifically less than 1 °C, which profoundly impacted the Northern Hemisphere.
The Little Ice Age led to harsh winters, greater snowfall, and frequently, the freezing of rivers like the Thames in London. Speculation on the possible causes includes volcanic eruptions and variations in the Earth's orbit.
It is also notable that the Maunder Minimum, which coincided with the coldest part of the Little Ice Age, involved exceptionally low solar activity, though its connection to the Earth's climate remains debated.