Final answer:
The answer to the question is d. Authorization, which is the process determining the access privileges to a particular resource for a user or system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is d. Authorization. Authorization is the process of determining who or what is allowed access to a particular resource and the level of access they are allowed. This is an important security measure to ensure that resources are protected from unauthorized access and use. Authorization often comes after the process of authentication, which verifies the identity of a user or system.
Once authenticated, the system determines what permissions the user or system has. For example, in an office setting, employees may have access to different files based on their job role and the level of authorization assigned to them by the administrators. The authorization process helps to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of data by restricting access to sensitive information only to those who have been granted permission.