Final answer:
Sampson and Laub's Age Graded Theory includes the principles of social control, turning points, continuity, and cumulative disadvantage.
Step-by-step explanation:
The basic principles of Sampson and Laub's Age Graded Theory are:
- Social control: This principle suggests that social bonds and attachments to societal institutions influence behavior. Strong social bonds, such as positive relationships with family, school, and work, can deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.
- Turning points: Life events or transitions, such as marriage, employment, or education, can significantly impact individuals' trajectories. Positive turning points can redirect individuals away from a criminal path, while negative turning points can increase the risk of criminal behavior.
- Continuity: This principle implies that early delinquent behavior can persist and have long-term consequences. Individuals who engage in delinquency during adolescence are more likely to continue criminal activities into adulthood.
- Cumulative disadvantage: This principle suggests that individuals who experience multiple risk factors, such as poverty, unstable family relationships, and educational difficulties, are more likely to engage in criminal behavior throughout their life.