Question

Cafes are essential places for students and teachers who want to have a break. Although they are just ___________ shops, they have a ______________. You can smell the __________ of coffee and they are often located in a _______ part of the university surrounded by trees. The best cafes are air-conditioned inside but they have a deck outside which is where __________groups like to ______________ and chat. Inside where it is ________ other students _________ books, work on computers or check their messages on their smart phones. The service is usually _______ and _________. Moreover, if you are ________ from studying, you can usually find a café wherever you are in the university. The cafes are not just shops; they are an ____________ part of university culture.

Answer 1

European coffeehouses of the eighteenth century were pivotal public spaces for news, informal education, and intellectual exchange. They were not centers of royal power but autonomous places for political discourse, accessible to a wide audience.

Step-by-step explanation:

European coffeehouses in the eighteenth century played a crucial role in the social and intellectual fabric of the era. These establishments served not only as a place for leisurely enjoyment of coffee but also as important outlets for news, conversation, and the informal education of a diverse public, extending from merchants and tradespeople to intellectuals and politicians. The intellectual exchange and sharing of current events in these coffeehouses allowed patrons including those without formal education to engage in the greater cultural and political dialogues of the Enlightenment period. While some monarchs tried to suppress them for their potential to incite dissent, coffeehouses remained largely autonomous spaces. This tradition of intellectual and social engagement has carried into modern university culture, establishing cafes as integral parts of campus life.

Addressing the question – 'Which of the following was not true of European coffeehouses in the eighteenth century?' – the answer is (c). These establishments were not centers of royal power, nor were they tightly controlled by monarchs. Rather, they were largely politicized spaces where various political debates unfolded across different social strata. Unlike formal educational settings, coffeehouses were accessible to more people and facilitated significant participation in the intellectual and political life of the time. They traced their origins to Islamic cities and flourished despite the attempts of rulers like Charles II and Sultan Murad IV to suppress them due to their associations with dissent.