Final answer:
A cinder cone volcanic mountain forms when volcanic eruptions eject cinders and volcanic ash that accumulate around the vent, rapidly creating the cone-shaped structure. Observational evidence such as fewer impact craters can indicate a volcano's young age and active status, similar to Olympus Mons on Mars.
Step-by-step explanation:
A cinder cone volcanic mountain may indeed form rapidly over the span of a decade, a phenomenon that occurs as a result of volcanic activity. Such mountains are typically created by tectonic and volcanic forces which lead to the cracking of the Earth’s crust and the subsequent eruption of lava, ash, and volcanic debris.
The material spewed out from these eruptions accumulates around the vent, building up the characteristic cone-shaped structure of the volcano over time. As lava flows out and cools, it solidifies to create the new mountainous terrain. The formation of cinder cone volcanoes can be more specifically related to the type of volcanic eruption and the nature of the lava - cinder cones generally result from the eruption of gas-rich, basaltic lavas that are ejected as small fragments called cinders, which fall around the vent, creating the cone.
For example, observations from orbiting spacecrafts and geological studies, such as those on Olympus Mons on Mars, show how fewer impact craters on a volcano can indicate that the lava flows are young and that the volcano might still be active. This same concept can be applied to understanding the formation of cinder cone volcanoes on Earth. The 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens is a vivid example of how volcanic activity can rapidly change a landscape, although not exactly a cinder cone, it's an example of how quickly a volcanic mountain can form and alter its surroundings.