Final answer:
Underwater mountain ranges are formed through tectonic processes, where two continental masses collide and cause the Earth to buckle and fold. Erosion also plays a role in shaping the mountains.
Step-by-step explanation:
Scientists explain the formation of underwater mountain ranges through tectonic processes. When two continental masses collide, they push against each other under great pressure, causing the Earth to buckle and fold. This results in some rocks being dragged deep below the surface and other folds being raised to form mountain ranges.
Additionally, erosion plays a role in shaping the sharp peaks and serrated edges of these underwater mountains. Water and ice erode the rocks, creating features that make the mountains appear rugged and jagged.
Examples of these processes can be seen in the formation of the Alps, where the African plate collided with the Eurasian plate.