Final answer:
Using given references, China is currently the largest emitter of CO2 with 9.4 Gt per year, indicating it emits substantially more than the UK. Thus, we can infer that China would have a greater annual increase in emissions than the UK, making option A the most likely answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question involves determining which country is responsible for greater carbon emission pollution each year compared to the United Kingdom's 1 × 10^4 kilograms carbon emission pollution annually. To answer this, we reference multiple data points indicating that currently, China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, with recent figures stating around 9.4 Gt per year. By contrast, the United States is the second-largest, contributing about 5.15 Gt per year.
While the exact figures for increase are not directly provided in the given references, we can infer from the given information that China, the largest current emitter, has seen a substantial increase in CO2 emissions, suggesting that it is significantly higher than the measly 10,000 kilograms implied in the question for the UK.
Therefore, while the referenced data does not give a direct figure for the increase, it suggests that any increase China has experienced recently must be more substantial than the other options given. Thus, the most likely answer provided in the options is China; by 5 × 10^4 kilograms, although it is worth noting that China's actual emissions are much greater than this amount, making option A the mention correct option answer in the final answer.