Final answer:
Chapter 10 highlights the Igbo governance that relied on cross-cutting ties and secret societies, ensuring community-wide participation and representation in decision-making processes. Without central authority, the society fostered democratic values through consensus in various intersecting groups.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of "cross-cutting ties" in Igbo governance is well illustrated in Chapter 10 where it explores the interconnectedness of various social groups and their collective decision-making processes. The network of relationships formed through lineage, gender, age, and social status was crucial in maintaining a balance of power and ensuring broad community participation. The "secret societies" mentioned are another layer that enforces decisions, represents specialized knowledge, and sometimes acts as a check on the power of other social groups, including the elders.
The Igbo governance system was characterized by its democratic nature. Without a centralized authority, the society instead relied on a consensus reached through public discourse in various group meetings. These groups—consisting of families, age groups, men, women, and town elders—illustrated the importance of cross-cutting ties as they intersected and influenced each other, ensuring a dynamic and representative governing process.
The role of secret societies and the collaborative nature of the Igbo governance structure foster stability and unity within the community. The varied levels of group discussions that lead to a consensus signify the deep-rooted democratic ethos and the value placed on each individual's voice within the precolonial Igbo society.