Final answer:
The processes by which carbohydrates are broken down with and without oxygen are termed aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, respectively. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and includes several stages, while anaerobic respiration (fermentation) can occur in the absence of oxygen, producing less ATP.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process that describes how carbohydrates are broken down differently with or without oxygen is A) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is a process in which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. This process includes Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration, also known as fermentation, takes place when oxygen is not present and can lead to the production of lactic acid or alcohol, depending on the organism. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating the necessary electron carriers. It is noteworthy that aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration, as it produces much more ATP per glucose molecule.