Final answer:
England's success in parts of the Hundred Years' War resulted from improved weapons such as the longbow, superior leadership, strategic tactics, and alliances, even though France eventually won the war and became the dominant power in western Europe.
Step-by-step explanation:
England's various successes in the Hundred Years' War can be attributed to a range of factors, not limited to a single element. Although France had stronger forces and better armor overall, England capitalized on several advantages throughout the conflict. Improved weapons and military technology played a crucial role, with the English longbow being a notable example that gave English forces a significant edge in the early stages of the war.
As the war progressed, the development and use of firearms and gunpowder further changed the dynamics of combat, signaling the age of armored knights and fortified castles was coming to an end.
Additionally, superior leadership and effective utilization of infantry, along with clever strategy and tactics, allowed the English to win many battles despite France's larger population and seemingly stronger military.
The English also formed strategic alliances that helped to augment their military efforts. However, it's important to note that despite these advantages, France ultimately prevailed by 1453, becoming the dominant kingdom in western Europe.