Final answer:
A collection of assumptions and beliefs about a problem is called a problem solving set, which influences how an individual may approach a similar set of problems based on past experiences and habits. Functional fixedness is a type of problem-solving set where a person is limited to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.
Step-by-step explanation:
A collection of assumptions and beliefs about a problem is known as a problem solving set. This term refers to the mental inclination to approach problems in a consistent way based on past experiences and habits. It is characterized by a person's usual way of thinking about and solving a given problem, which can be beneficial when similar problems are encountered but can also limit creativity when a problem requires a novel approach. For example, functional fixedness is a specific type of problem-solving set where individuals are blocked by their inability to see beyond an object's traditional use, as illustrated in Duncker's candle problem or the innovative thinking shown by NASA engineers during the Apollo 13 crisis.
To differentiate the correct answer from other options, we need to examine heuristics and algorithms, which are methodical, step-by-step problem-solving strategies, as well as identifying biases such as anchoring bias and confirmation bias, which can impede effective problem-solving by causing one to focus too narrowly or to seek out information that supports existing beliefs.