Final answer:
The Markovnikov product in an electrophilic addition reaction is the major product formed, which occurs due to the stability of the more substituted carbocation intermediate. It is favored in addition reactions, and the equilibrium can be shifted to the product side by manipulating reactant and product concentrations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Markovnikov product is the major product of an electrophilic addition reaction where the electrophile adds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms in an alkene or alkyne. This rule is based on the fact that the more substituted carbocation formed during the reaction is more stable and therefore forms more readily. This preference results in the forward reaction being favored where the more substituted, and typically more stable, product is formed.
For example, when hydrogen halides are added to alkenes, the halide will add to the carbon with fewer hydrogen atoms, and the hydrogen will add to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms, leading to the Markovnikov product. This outcome is favored in many addition reactions due to stability. In addition, according to Le Chatelier's principle, manipulating conditions such as removing a product or adding a reactant can shift the equilibrium to the product side, further favoring product formation. In all cases, whether through inherent stability or external manipulation, the goal is driving the reaction toward the desired products.