Final answer:
The change in borders in the Middle East post-colonial times and during events like the Arab Spring has led to increased political instability due to the disregard for ethnic and tribal divisions when establishing borders.
Step-by-step explanation:
The change in borders in the Middle East has led to increased political instability. This instability is often a result of the colonial political borders established without due consideration for the ethnic and tribal divisions. After the Arab Spring of 2011, many Middle Eastern countries experienced significant social and political upheaval. As new borders were drawn, or existing ones challenged, countries faced internal disputes and external conflicts with neighbors. This often led to violence, economic challenges, and displacement of populations, as longstanding political leaders were challenged, and in some cases removed from power. Therefore, the correct answer to the question about how politics were affected by border changes in the Middle East is d) Political instability increased due to border changes.