Final answer:
The radial artery is the blood vessel that branches from the brachial artery, supplying blood to the forearm and hand.
Step-by-step explanation:
The blood vessel that branches from the brachial artery is the radial artery. The radial artery, along with the ulnar artery, is responsible for supplying blood to the forearm and hand. They eventually join to form the palmar arch, which further branches to provide circulation to the fingers and thumb.
It is important to note that the brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery and provides the main source of blood to the upper arm. The other options listed, such as the maxillary artery, vertebral artery, and lingual artery, are all branches of the external or internal carotid artery and do not branch from the brachial artery.