Final answer:
The key function of instrumental conditioning, or operant conditioning, is to enable the organism to adjust behavior based on its consequences, such as receiving rewards or punishments. This type of learning is different from classical conditioning and is central to behavior modification and animal training.
Step-by-step explanation:
The key function of instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, is to allow the organism to adjust behavior according to its consequences. This associative learning process is whereby an organism learns to associate a behavior with a consequence of that behavior. For example, reinforcement, such as receiving food after performing a trick, can increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated, while a punishment can decrease this likelihood.
Operant conditioning contrasts with classical conditioning, where an organism learns to associate a non-voluntary reflex with a stimulus. Different from classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves the animal or individual voluntarily performing a behavior, which is then followed by a consequence that will shape future behavior.
Operant conditioning is a fundamental principle in behavior modification and has been widely studied and utilized, particularly in animal training. Psychologist B.F. Skinner was a major proponent of operant conditioning and contributed greatly to our understanding of how behaviors are modified through consequences, such as rewards or punishments.